mechanics

Universal Gravitation Calculator

Solve two-body gravitational force, either mass, or separation, and calculate field strength, circular-orbit speed and period, escape speed, and potential per unit mass.

Calculator

Formula

F = Gm₁m₂/r²; g = GM/r²; vorbit = √(GM/r); T = 2πr/v; vescape = √(2GM/r); Φ = −GM/r

Assumptions and limits

Bodies are treated as point masses or spherically symmetric; orbit metrics assume a circular test-particle orbit.

Example

Earth surface and orbit

The calculator starts with an editable example.

Sources

University Physics Volume 1 — OpenStax

Frequently asked questions

Are my inputs uploaded?

No. This calculator runs locally in your browser. Inputs are placed in a URL only when you explicitly copy a share link.

Why are units converted first?

Canonical units prevent scale errors when inputs use mixed units. The result is converted back to your selected output unit afterward.

Does the result replace professional judgment?

No. The result applies only to the stated model and assumptions. Qualified people should review high-risk engineering, medical, or laboratory decisions.